Based on my research, a minimum of 913,111 Ethereum is lost forever due to user error. This is 0.76%+ of ETH supply, or $3.43 billion in lost funds If we include EIP‑1559 burned ETH (5.3M), then >5% of all ETH ever made ($23.42B) have been permanently destroyed

Some of the biggest losses: -Web3 foundation has 306K ETH trapped due to the Parity Multisig bug -Quadriga lost 60K to a faulty contract -Akutars lost 11.5k ETH in an NFT-mint gone wrong -People have collectively sent 25k ETH to a burn address for some reason (?)

To be clear, this $3.4B+ number significantly undershoots the actual lost/inaccessible ETH amount- It just covers instances where Ethereum is locked forever. For example, it doesn't cover all lost private keys or things like Genesis wallets that have been forgotten

Addresses were sourced from a variety of public reports and queries You can find the researcher, and contribute, here:

@0x_Ceee Talk about it a bit on the github, just a lot of detailed onchain research along with some help from a typo query